Ingredient Database

Creatine monohydrate is one of the most well-researched and effective sports nutrition supplements available. It has been shown to increase strength, power output, and lean body mass across hundreds of human clinical trials.

Highly branched cyclic dextrin (HBCD) is an enzymatically modified corn-starch carbohydrate with very high molecular weight and exceptionally low osmolality, enabling rapid gastric emptying without GI distress during exercise.

Palatinose is a slowly digested disaccharide (glucose+fructose linked α-1,6) yielding a sustained, low glycaemic glucose release ideal for sustained-energy applications and metabolic-health-conscious users.

Maltodextrin is a partially hydrolysed starch (DE 10–20) that delivers rapid, low-sweetness glucose for exercise fueling and post-workout glycogen replenishment.

Fructose is a monosaccharide that uses the GLUT5 intestinal transporter, allowing it to be co-ingested with glucose to raise total carbohydrate oxidation during prolonged exercise.

Vitargo is a patented high-molecular-weight, low-osmolality carbohydrate derived from barley starch that empties from the stomach quickly and replenishes glycogen faster than maltodextrin in studies.

Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the immediate precursor to creatine; supplementation raises muscle creatine and may provide ergogenic effects with smaller doses than creatine monohydrate.

Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate (AAKG) is a salt of the amino acid L-arginine and alpha-ketoglutarate marketed as a pre-workout supplement to raise plasma arginine and nitric oxide and thereby improve performance. Human trials show inconsistent effects on strength and power and generally no benefit for muscle endurance or blood-flow measures after resistance exercise.

Yeast-derived beta-glucans are fermentable polysaccharides used orally to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Human trials have tested doses commonly in the 250–500 mg/day range and report reduced incidence or duration of upper respiratory tract infections and modulation of exercise- or vaccine-related immune markers.

Beta-hydroxybutyrate salts are oral exogenous ketone preparations that acutely raise circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. Human trials report mixed effects on exercise performance and variable clinical signals in small therapeutic pilots, while some immune markers may increase acutely after supplementation.

Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide (β-alanyl-L-histidine) found at high concentrations in skeletal muscle and brain. Oral carnosine or combined anserine/carnosine supplements have been tested for effects on exercise endurance, aspects of cognition in older adults, and markers of glycaemic control.

Colostrum is the nutrient- and bioactive-rich first milk produced by mammals after birth; bovine colostrum is sold as a dietary supplement. Human trials in athletes report modest effects on some performance measures (notably lower-body power) and mixed effects on immune or inflammatory markers.

Creatine hydrochloride (Cr‑HCl) is a soluble creatine salt marketed as an alternative to creatine monohydrate, typically used to support strength, power and muscle mass and occasionally promoted for cognitive effects. Human randomised trials have tested low gram and sub‑gram daily doses over weeks in athletes and middle‑aged women.

Creatine nitrate is a form of creatine in which a nitrate moiety is bound to creatine, sold in powders and pre-workout formulas. Human trials to date are short term and have tested daily doses in the ~1.5–6 g range, either alone or as part of multi-ingredient products.

D-ribose is a pentose sugar marketed as a supplement to support ATP generation and cellular energy. Clinical trials have tested oral D-ribose for symptomatic improvement in heart failure, exercise performance, and as part of combinations intended to raise NAD+ metabolites.

Dietary inorganic nitrate is used as an ergogenic aid to increase nitric oxide bioavailability. It is commonly delivered via nitrate-rich foods (notably beetroot juice) or nitrate salts and is used acutely or over several days to try to improve endurance and high-intensity exercise tolerance.

Ecdysterone (20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E) is a plant- and insect-derived phytosteroid marketed in supplements for muscle growth and performance. Human trials show mixed results for anabolic and performance effects and some evidence for effects on oxidative/inflammatory markers when given as part of botanical extracts.

Epicatechin is a flavan-3-ol found in cocoa, tea and some fruits. Human trials have tested isolated cocoa flavanol supplements that contain a defined amount of (-)-epicatechin for effects on vascular outcomes and blood pressure.

Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the biosynthetic precursor of creatine and is marketed as an oral supplement to raise tissue creatine. Human trials show that multi-week doses (around 2.4–3 g/day) increase muscle and some brain regional creatine levels and may improve certain performance metrics, while effects on clinical fatigue outcomes have been inconsistent.

Ketone esters are synthetic compounds that raise blood ketone (β‑hydroxybutyrate) levels when taken orally. Human trials have tested them for effects on substrate use during exercise, mitigation of training stress, and short-term cardiometabolic and hemodynamic effects in clinical populations.

L-carnitine L-tartrate (LCLT) is an orally administered carnitine salt commonly used in sports nutrition. Human trials have tested daily doses typically in the 2–3 g range and reported effects on markers of muscle damage and recovery, while effects on strength or muscle mass in older adults have been inconsistent.

L‑ornithine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid involved in the urea cycle and nitrogen metabolism. Human trials reported modest effects on circadian phase with oral L‑ornithine and benefits on wound healing or skin parameters in studies using ornithine-containing enteral or combined supplements.

Oral ATP (branded as Peak ATP) is an enteric‑coated form of adenosine 5'-triphosphate marketed as an ergogenic supplement. Human trials report mixed effects on resistance exercise performance and small, inconsistent effects on muscular strength; oral ATP does not produce sustained increases in blood or plasma ATP in trials provided.

Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a phospholipid signalling molecule studied for effects on muscle anabolism and stress-axis regulation. Human trials have tested PA alone and as part of a phosphatidylserine+phosphatidic acid complex (PAS) or multi-ingredient products, with mixed results for muscle outcomes and more consistent effects on cortisol/stress measures in chronically stressed subjects.