Ingredient Database

Beta-alanine is a non-essential amino acid that increases intramuscular carnosine concentrations. It is most effective for exercise lasting 1–10 minutes.

Taurine is a conditionally essential sulfonic amino acid concentrated in heart, brain, and muscle, supporting osmoregulation, calcium signalling, antioxidant defence, and bile-salt conjugation.

L-Leucine is the branched-chain amino acid that uniquely activates mTORC1 to trigger muscle protein synthesis; the threshold ~3 g per meal drives the 'leucine trigger' MPS response.

Essential amino acid (EAA) blends supply all 9 indispensable amino acids in ratios that maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis at low total doses, useful intra-workout, fasted training, or to fortify low-protein meals.

L-Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in plasma and muscle, serving as fuel for enterocytes and lymphocytes; supplementation supports gut barrier integrity especially during heavy training or GI stress.

Glycine is a non-essential amino acid that improves sleep onset and quality (3 g pre-bed), supports collagen synthesis, and provides calming neurotransmission via glycine receptors.

L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid precursor to dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline that supports cognitive performance under acute stress (sleep deprivation, cold, multitasking).

L-Tryptophan is the essential amino acid precursor to serotonin and melatonin; supplementation supports sleep onset, mood, and circadian regulation.

N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) is a cysteine prodrug that replenishes intracellular glutathione, supports liver detoxification, and has emerging evidence in respiratory and psychiatric applications.

Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a leucine metabolite that reduces muscle protein breakdown and supports lean mass preservation, particularly in untrained, older, or catabolic states.

Leuvate is PVL's captive, leucine-heavy blend of the nine essential amino acids (EAAs). It is not a novel molecule and not sold as a raw material to third parties — it is a brand name applied to a ratio of aminos anyone can otherwise buy. It gets used two ways: (1) added to a protein serving so a smaller or lower-quality dose behaves like a larger one (the 'leucine trigger' route, analogous to Velositol's insulin route), and (2) as a stand-alone EAA drink intra-workout, between meals, or when whole-protein intake is low. Category evidence for leucine-enriched EAA blends stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is strong; Leuvate itself has no published product-specific human trial, and MPS/muscle claims are not authorised health claims in GB/EU.

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is the immediate metabolic precursor to serotonin and a commonly used oral supplement. Human trials and systematic reviews have examined its effects on sleep and depressive symptoms, though the clinical evidence base contains few high‑quality, large trials.

Branched‑chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) are used orally to reduce markers of exercise‑induced muscle damage and perceived muscle soreness and have been studied for preserving or increasing lean mass in older or clinical populations. Clinical trials and meta‑analyses report modest improvements in some recovery markers and, in specific groups, small increases in muscle mass.

Creatine ethyl ester (CEE) is a lipophilic esterified form of creatine marketed as an orally available alternative to creatine monohydrate. Human trials show mixed effects on cognition and some short-term improvements in sprint/power outcomes when combined with training; evidence for raising brain creatine is inconsistent.

D-aspartic acid (D-Asp) is an endogenous amino acid found in neuroendocrine tissues and reproductive organs. It is marketed in supplements aimed at raising testosterone or improving male fertility, but clinical evidence from human trials is limited and mixed.

GABA (gamma‑aminobutyric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter commonly used as an oral supplement for sleep, stress and mood support. Clinical trials have tested oral GABA alone or in combination with other ingredients for a range of outcomes including sleep quality, anxiety/depression scores and irritable bowel symptoms.

Glutathione (reduced form, GSH) is the body’s principal intracellular antioxidant and is sold as an oral supplement. Human trials show that daily oral GSH can raise blood and tissue glutathione measures over weeks to months, with some reported effects on oxidative markers, immunity and the gut microbiome.

L-Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid and the substrate for nitric oxide synthesis. Clinical trials and meta-analyses have tested oral L-arginine for conditions including erectile dysfunction and pregnancy complications; results vary by indication and dose.

L-histidine is an essential amino acid used in trials at gram doses to alter amino acid and metabolic profiles. Human randomised trials have tested 4 g/day for 12 weeks in obese women with metabolic syndrome and older dialysis/uraemic patients but results differ by outcome and population.

L-lysine is an essential amino acid commonly consumed in food and available as an oral supplement. Human trials report modest clinical effects for specific outcomes (for example reduced diarrhoeal morbidity in one community trial) and an extensive safety literature showing mainly gastrointestinal adverse events at high doses.

L‑Methionine is an essential sulphur-containing amino acid used to supply dietary sulphur amino acids and to improve the amino acid profile of low-methionine foods. Human trials have evaluated its effects on nitrogen balance, cysteine and glutathione metabolism in malnutrition, and on plasma homocysteine when given orally.

L‑serine is a non‑essential amino acid available as an oral supplement. Human trials have tested L‑serine alone for hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSAN1) and in multi‑component metabolic formulations for conditions such as COVID‑19 and Alzheimer’s disease; evidence for benefit is condition specific and often from combined formulations.