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    Research Library

    Browse 776 referenced studies across 253 ingredients. Every claim on SuppIndex is backed by peer-reviewed research.

    776

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    764

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    253

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    Showing 1–25 of 776 matching studies (776 indexed)

    Effects of LEUVATE on glycemia, insulinemia, aminoacidemia and protein synthesis in GLP-1 RA-treated adults (Leuvate001)

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026PreliminaryLeuvate

    ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07595575 (Traylor, Nutraceutical Innovations LLC; collaborators: University of Toronto, Queen's, Arkansas, DePaul). Registered acute-feeding RCT investigating LEUVATE on post-ingestion glycemia, insulinemia, aminoacidemia and whole-body protein synthesis in adults prescribed GLP-1 receptor agonists. Not yet recruiting at time of listing — the first product-specific human trial on the LEUVATE brand.

    Population

    Clinical Patients

    0

    Duration

    Acute postprandial

    Dosage

    LEUVATE amino-acid-enriched beverage vs comparator

    Primary Endpoint: Glycemia, insulinemia, aminoacidemia, whole-body protein synthesis
    Outcome: First registered LEUVATE-branded human trial (NCT07595575); results pending. Currently the only product-specific (rather than category) clinical study on record.

    Effects of carnosine supplementation on physical endurance: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026Carnosine

    Placebo-controlled randomized trial (n=299) of 2 g/day carnosine over ~12 weeks assessing multiple physical performance measures.

    Population

    General Population

    Sample Size

    n=299

    Duration

    ~12 weeks

    Dosage

    2 g/day

    Primary Endpoint: Physical performance tests (hand grip, calf raise endurance, 2-min step test, gait speed)
    Outcome: Significant improvements were observed in calf-raise endurance at ~6 weeks in participants <40 years, and increased step count at ~12 weeks in males >40 years; no differences in grip strength and most measures. Effects appeared subgroup-specific.

    Bovine colostrum supplementation in rugby.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026Colostrum

    Double-blind RCT in 29 club-level rugby players compared 38 g/day bovine colostrum versus soy protein for 8 weeks. Assessed strength, power, aerobic fitness, body composition and salivary immune/inflammatory markers.

    Population

    Athletes

    Sample Size

    n=29

    Duration

    8 weeks

    Dosage

    38 g/day

    Primary Endpoint: Muscular performance and immune/inflammatory markers
    Outcome: Vertical jump increased by ~1.0 cm in the colostrum group versus a small decrease in the soy group (p=0.0023). No significant effects on strength, aerobic power, body composition, salivary immune or inflammatory markers, or reported illness incidence.

    The Effects of 8-Week Creatine Hydrochloride and Creatine Ethyl Ester Supplementation on Cognition, Clinical Outcomes, and Brain Creatine Levels in Perimenopausal and Menopausal Women (CONCRET-MENOPA): A Randomized Controlled Trial.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026Creatine Ethyl Ester

    Randomised double‑blind 8‑week trial in 36 perimenopausal and menopausal women comparing low and medium doses of creatine hydrochloride, a creatine hydrochloride plus creatine ethyl ester group, and placebo. Medium‑dose creatine hydrochloride improved reaction time, increased frontal brain creatine, and improved lipid profile versus placebo. The creatine hydrochloride plus creatine ethyl ester group (800 mg/day listed) was included but specific effects attributable to CEE alone were not reported.

    Population

    General Population

    Sample Size

    n=36

    Duration

    8 weeks

    Dosage

    Creatine hydrochloride plus creatine ethyl ester (800 mg/day reported for that arm); other arms used 750 mg/day or 1,500 mg/day creatine HCl

    Primary Endpoint: Cognition, brain creatine levels, and clinical/biochemical outcomes
    Outcome: Medium‑dose creatine hydrochloride showed cognitive and brain creatine benefits; the combination arm including CEE was studied but no distinct CEE‑specific benefit was reported in the abstract.

    Creatine formulations and repeated sprint training: effects on physical and physiological adaptations in soccer players during the short-term preparation phase.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026Creatine Ethyl Ester

    Randomised trial in 40 collegiate male soccer players during a 4‑week preparatory phase comparing creatine monohydrate, creatine ethyl ester, creatine hydrochloride and placebo alongside repeated sprint training. All training groups improved, but creatine supplement groups had greater changes than placebo; the CEE and HCl groups showed larger gains in physical performance and peak power than creatine monohydrate.

    Population

    Athletes

    Sample Size

    n=40

    Duration

    4 weeks

    Primary Endpoint: Physical and physiological performance (jump, sprint, Wingate peak power)
    Outcome: CEE was associated with greater improvements in some physical performance measures and peak power versus placebo and creatine monohydrate over 4 weeks of training.

    Creatine formulations and repeated sprint training: effects on physical and physiological adaptations in soccer players during the short-term preparation phase.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026Creatine Hydrochloride

    Randomised trial in 40 collegiate male soccer players over a 4‑week repeated sprint training period comparing creatine monohydrate, creatine ethyl ester, creatine hydrochloride and placebo. Assessed jumps, sprint times, Wingate power and incremental exercise tests.

    Population

    Athletes

    Sample Size

    n=40

    Duration

    4 weeks

    Dosage

    Not specified in abstract for each formulation

    Primary Endpoint: Physical performance (CMVJ, 20‑m sprint, L‑run) and anaerobic power
    Outcome: All training groups improved; creatine groups improved more than placebo for several performance measures. Creatine ethyl ester and creatine hydrochloride produced larger gains in some physical performance measures and peak power than creatine monohydrate.

    The Effects of 8-Week Creatine Hydrochloride and Creatine Ethyl Ester Supplementation on Cognition, Clinical Outcomes, and Brain Creatine Levels in Perimenopausal and Menopausal Women (CONCRET-MENOPA): A Randomized Controlled Trial.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026Creatine Hydrochloride

    Randomised, double‑blind trial in 36 perimenopausal and menopausal women over 8 weeks testing low (750 mg/day), medium (1500 mg/day) Cr‑HCl, Cr‑HCl plus creatine ethyl ester (800 mg/day), and placebo. Assessed cognition, brain creatine, clinical and biochemical markers.

    Population

    General Population

    Sample Size

    n=36

    Duration

    8 weeks

    Dosage

    750 mg/day and 1500 mg/day Cr‑HCl; combination arm 800 mg/day with ethyl ester

    Primary Endpoint: Cognitive function, brain creatine concentrations, clinical/biochemical markers
    Outcome: Medium‑dose Cr‑HCl (1.5 g/day) improved reaction time, increased frontal brain creatine and favourably modified serum lipid profiles versus placebo; trends were noted for mood symptom reduction. Interventions were well tolerated.

    Effects of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Supplementation on Symptoms, Quality of Life, Intestinal Permeability, Systemic Inflammation and Gut Microbiota in Patients with IBS-D: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Pilot Study.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026GABA

    Randomized double‑blind placebo‑controlled crossover pilot study in 20 IBS‑D patients testing a GABA‑based supplement versus placebo for two 4‑week periods separated by a 2‑week washout.

    Population

    Clinical Patients

    Sample Size

    n=20

    Duration

    Two 4‑week treatment periods

    Dosage

    Not specified in abstract

    Primary Endpoint: IBS Symptom Severity Score (IBS‑SSS) and quality of life (SF‑36); inflammatory markers and intestinal permeability proxies
    Outcome: GABA produced a clinical response (≥50‑point IBS‑SSS reduction) in 66.7% versus 33.3% on placebo, significantly reduced total IBS‑SSS and improved an emotional‑limitation QoL domain. GABA also reduced IL‑1β significantly and showed a trend to lower LBP, with no major changes in gut microbiota.

    Impact of high-dose vitamin D and calcium carbonate supplementation on bone density in adolescents living with HIV: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026Calcium Carbonate

    Randomised, placebo‑controlled trial in 842 peripubertal adolescents with HIV given weekly high‑dose vitamin D3 plus daily calcium carbonate 500 mg for 48 weeks. Primary bone density outcomes (TBLH‑BMD, LS‑BMAD) did not differ overall, but among those with vitamin D insufficiency at baseline a small improvement in lumbar spine BMAD Z score was observed.

    Population

    Clinical Patients

    Sample Size

    n=842

    Duration

    48 weeks

    Dosage

    Calcium carbonate 500 mg/day (with weekly 20,000 IU vitamin D3)

    Primary Endpoint: Total body less‑head BMD Z score; lumbar spine BMAD Z score
    Outcome: No overall effect on primary bone density endpoints; a small positive effect on lumbar spine BMAD in vitamin D‑insufficient subgroup.

    Effects of daily multivitamin-multimineral and cocoa extract supplementation on epigenetic aging clocks in the COSMOS randomized clinical trial.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026Cocoa Flavanols

    2‑year ancillary study within COSMOS testing daily cocoa extract (500 mg cocoa flavanols/day including 80 mg (-)-epicatechin) versus placebo on five DNA methylation ageing clocks in 958 older adults.

    Population

    General Population

    Sample Size

    n=958

    Duration

    2 years

    Dosage

    500 mg cocoa flavanols/day (80 mg (-)-epicatechin)

    Primary Endpoint: Change in epigenetic ageing clocks (five DNA methylation measures)
    Outcome: Cocoa extract had no effect on the five epigenetic clocks tested compared with placebo.

    A randomised controlled study to investigate the cognitive, mood, metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects of acute oyster mushroom intervention in healthy older adults.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026Ergothioneine

    Randomised crossover acute dietary study in healthy older adults consuming soups containing 0.5, 1 and 2 servings of oyster mushroom (rich in ergothioneine) and a calorie-matched control; outcomes assessed up to 6 hours post-consumption.

    Population

    General Population

    Sample Size

    n=33

    Duration

    Acute, single-day cross-over (measurements at baseline and 2, 4, 6 hours)

    Dosage

    0.5 to 2 servings of oyster mushroom in noodle soup (single acute exposures)

    Primary Endpoint: Cognition, mood, inflammatory and metabolic markers
    Outcome: No consistent cognitive benefits; mushroom interventions helped maintain mood and reduced several postprandial inflammatory markers compared with control; brain-derived neurotrophic factor unexpectedly lower after mushroom consumption.

    Ergothioneine as a potential geroprotector: Targeting molecular hallmarks of ageing and age-related diseases.

    Systematic Review2026Ergothioneine

    Systematic review framing ergothioneine as a candidate geroprotector, covering evidence from 2005–2025 and discussing pharmacokinetics via OCTN1 and potential to modulate hallmarks of ageing.

    Population

    Mixed

    Primary Endpoint: Mechanistic pathways and potential geroprotective effects
    Outcome: Synthesised mechanistic and longitudinal human data to argue that ergothioneine targets oxidative and mitochondrial hallmarks of ageing and may be useful as a precision-nutrition candidate; emphasised need for rigorous clinical trials.

    Efficacy and safety of green-lipped mussel powder supplementation in adults with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026Green-Lipped Mussel

    Randomised, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled 12‑week trial of green‑lipped mussel powder (1,000 mg/day) versus placebo in adults with symptomatic radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Primary endpoint was change in WOMAC total score.

    Population

    Clinical Patients

    Sample Size

    n=100

    Duration

    12 weeks

    Dosage

    1,000 mg/day (GLMP)

    Primary Endpoint: WOMAC total score change
    Outcome: Per‑protocol analysis showed greater improvement in WOMAC total score at 12 weeks with GLMP versus placebo (between‑group difference −3.66; p=0.032). Significant improvements were also reported for WOMAC pain, WOMAC physical function and VAS pain. ITT analyses showed consistent pattern though WOMAC total score was a non‑significant trend.

    Comparative efficacy and acceptability of anxiolytic drugs for the treatment of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

    Systematic Review2026Lavender Oil (Silexan)

    Network meta-analysis including pharmacological and phytopharmaceutical treatments for anxiety disorders reported Silexan as both effective and as acceptable as placebo, and among few treatments with fewer adverse events than placebo.

    Population

    Clinical Patients

    Sample Size

    n=28637

    Duration

    studies from 1980–2020

    Primary Endpoint: HAM-A change and acceptability (discontinuations)
    Outcome: Silexan was identified as a highly effective phytopharmaceutical for anxiety with acceptability comparable to placebo and relatively low adverse events in the network.

    Nattokinase supplementation for cognitive enhancement in asymptomatic intracranial/carotid stenosis: A randomized controlled trial.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026Nattokinase

    Single-centre double-blind RCT of 120 patients with asymptomatic intracranial/carotid stenosis randomized to nattokinase 8,000 FU/day or placebo for 6 months, assessing cognition and brain MRI.

    Population

    Clinical Patients

    Sample Size

    n=120

    Duration

    6 months

    Dosage

    8,000 FU/day

    Primary Endpoint: Change in global cognition (MoCA)
    Outcome: No significant improvement in global cognitive score versus placebo. Exploratory analyses found a small improvement in visuospatial function domain and reduced risk of visuospatial decline in the nattokinase group. Overall, no global cognitive benefit.

    NAD⁺ supplementation for anti-aging and wellness: A PRISMA-guided systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence.

    Systematic Review2026Nicotinamide Riboside

    PRISMA-guided systematic review (2010–Oct 2025) of preclinical and clinical NAD+-related compound interventions, identifying 33 human intervention studies and 80 rodent studies.

    Population

    Mixed

    Primary Endpoint: Clinical effects and safety of NAD+ augmentation strategies
    Outcome: In humans, oral NR and NMN consistently demonstrated biochemical target engagement and were generally well tolerated over weeks to months; however, effects on functional, metabolic, vascular and other healthspan-relevant outcomes were heterogeneous and often null or endpoint-specific. Clinical effectiveness remains inconclusive and larger, longer trials with prespecified endpoints are needed.

    Comparative effects of caffeine and paraxanthine on rowing performance and sleep quality: a randomized crossover study.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026Paraxanthine

    Randomized, double-blind, crossover study in 14 male university rowers comparing four conditions (caffeine+paraxanthine, caffeine alone, paraxanthine alone, placebo), each with 200 mg doses, assessing 2000-m ergometer performance and subjective sleep measures.

    Population

    Athletes

    Sample Size

    n=14

    Duration

    Single-dose, acute

    Dosage

    200 mg paraxanthine alone; 200 mg caffeine alone; 200 mg each in combined arm

    Primary Endpoint: 2000-m rowing performance, mean power, heart rate, and subjective sleep quality
    Outcome: The combined caffeine+paraxanthine condition produced a small but statistically significant improvement in 2000-m time and mean power versus placebo. Paraxanthine alone did not show clear evidence of performance improvement though estimates favoured active conditions. Conditions containing caffeine were associated with poorer subjective sleep quality, while paraxanthine alone had more favourable subjective sleep-related outcomes.

    Polypore mushroom mycelia as an adjunct to COVID-19 vaccination: a randomized clinical trial.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2026Turkey Tail

    Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a fungal mycelium product containing Fomitopsis officinalis and Trametes versicolor (FoTv) as an adjunct to COVID-19 vaccination; outcomes included safety, vaccine side-effects and anti‑SARS‑CoV‑2 antibody levels.

    Population

    General Population

    Sample Size

    n=90

    Duration

    Follow-up to 6 months for antibodies

    Dosage

    Eight 500 mg capsules three times daily for four days (as reported in the abstract)

    Primary Endpoint: Safety, vaccine side-effects, anti‑SARS‑CoV‑2 antibody responses
    Outcome: FoTv was well tolerated with no adverse events, reduced vaccine side-effects in vaccine‑naive participants on selected days, and maintained or possibly increased antibody levels across six months in vaccine‑naive participants; effects were not observed in participants with prior SARS‑CoV‑2 exposure.

    Anti-inflammatory effects of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

    Meta-Analysis2025ModerateApigenin

    Meta-analysis of RCTs showing chamomile significantly reduces CRP and IL-6 in humans.

    Population

    Mixed

    Sample Size

    n=500

    Duration

    Variable

    Dosage

    Chamomile preparations standardised to apigenin

    Primary Endpoint: CRP, IL-6, TNF-α
    Outcome: Significant reductions in CRP and IL-6; modest effect on TNF-α.

    Plasma leucinemia following a leucine-enriched whey–casein blend (LEUCY) in younger and mid-aged adults

    Randomised Controlled Trial2025ModerateLeuvate

    Traylor, Lees, Nunes, Phillips (Current Developments in Nutrition, 2025, 106209). The LEUCY leucine-enriched whey–casein blend produced higher early-postprandial plasma leucine and modestly elevated leucinemia across the 240-min post-feeding window vs comparator protein supplements — the first published human PK profile from the Leuvate research programme (DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2025.106209).

    Population

    General Population

    0

    Duration

    Acute (240 min)

    Dosage

    Leucine-enriched whey–casein blend vs comparators

    Primary Endpoint: Plasma leucine AUC and peak
    Outcome: Leuvate-family formulation drives faster and more sustained leucinemia than standard whey/casein.

    Anti-sarcopenic effect of leucine-enriched branched-chain amino acid supplementation among elderly chronic kidney disease patients: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2025BCAA (Branched-Chain Amino Acids)

    Double‑blind RCT in elderly chronic kidney disease patients testing oral leucine‑enriched BCAA (60% leucine; 4.5 g leucine, total BCAA 7.5 g/day) versus placebo for 12 weeks.

    Population

    Clinical Patients

    Sample Size

    n=55

    Duration

    12 weeks

    Dosage

    Leucine‑enriched BCAA: 4.5 g leucine + 1.5 g valine + 1.5 g isoleucine per day (total 7.5 g/day)

    Primary Endpoint: Muscle mass, muscle synthesis biomarkers, physical performance
    Outcome: Lean muscle mass increased in the leucine group compared with placebo (0.4 kg vs −0.2 kg); no significant differences in muscle strength, serum myostatin, IGF‑1, or functional capacity. No adverse events reported in abstract.

    Yeast Beta-Glucan Enhances Antibody Response Following Influenza Vaccination - A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2025Beta-Glucan (Yeast)

    Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled pilot trial in older adults (mean age ~71) assessing 500 mg/day yeast beta-glucan versus placebo given around seasonal influenza vaccination with antibody titres measured pre- and 4 weeks post-vaccination.

    Population

    Elderly

    Sample Size

    n=90

    Duration

    4 weeks post-vaccination (supplementation around vaccination period)

    Dosage

    500 mg/day

    Primary Endpoint: Change in influenza-specific antibody titres
    Outcome: In one vaccination season cohort the change in antibody titre for an influenza A antigen was greater in the beta-glucan group versus placebo (p=0.037). Cytokine changes did not consistently support a cellular adjuvant effect and clinical outcomes (cold/flu symptoms) did not differ. Authors noted need for larger confirmatory trials.

    Effectiveness of Exogenous Ketone Salts in Enhancing Circulating Acetoacetate Levels-A Pilot Study in Healthy Adults.

    Randomised Controlled Trial2025Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Salts

    Randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled crossover pilot: ketone salt increased plasma acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate significantly compared with placebo in healthy adults 30 minutes after ingestion.

    Population

    General Population

    Sample Size

    n=13

    Duration

    Acute (30 minutes post-dose)

    Dosage

    Ketone salt (dose not specified in abstract beyond being a KS product)

    Primary Endpoint: Change in circulating acetoacetate and relation to beta-hydroxybutyrate
    Outcome: KS significantly increased acetoacetate versus placebo and change correlated strongly with BHB change.

    Clinical Benefits of Exogenous Ketosis in Adults with Disease: A Systematic Review.

    Systematic Review2025Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Salts

    Systematic review of exogenous ketosis in adults with disease (51 studies): suggested potential benefits across neurological, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders but evidence often relied on surrogate endpoints and ketone esters were favoured for achieving tolerable therapeutic ketosis; results are preliminary.

    Population

    Clinical Patients

    Sample Size

    n=51

    Duration

    Varied

    Dosage

    Varied across studies and formulations

    Primary Endpoint: Clinical efficacy of exogenous ketosis in disease
    Outcome: Potential benefits reported in several conditions but limited by surrogate endpoints, subtherapeutic ketosis from some formulations (e.g. MCT) and insufficient hard outcome data; esters often preferable to salts for effective ketosis.

    Effects of different dietary supplements on athletic performance in soccer players: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

    Systematic Review2025Colostrum

    Systematic review and network meta-analysis of dietary supplements in soccer players (80 RCTs). Bovine colostrum was one of several supplements associated with a moderate increase in distance covered relative to placebo in the network analysis.

    Population

    Athletes

    Sample Size

    n=1425

    Primary Endpoint: Athletic performance outcomes (distance covered, strength, jump height, sprint time, agility)
    Outcome: Within the network, bovine colostrum was associated with a moderate effect on increasing distance covered. Results are from a network meta-analysis and should be interpreted alongside direct RCT evidence.

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